Stifle

Despite being one of the most commonly diagnosed causes of canine hind limb lameness, the pathogenesis of medial patellar luxation remains incompletely understood.
Internal tibial torsion may be present in nonchondrodystrophic dogs without patella luxation.
These patient group-specific recommendations are intended to simplify the decision-making process.
Survival in dogs with CCLD is influenced by treatment strategy, comorbidities, age and weight.
These findings support that arthroscopic DMM results in joint degeneration in the Yucatan minipig.