Spine

UTVD with monocortical screws and PMMA achieved long-term neurological improvement in 9 of 10 dogs.
A dorsal approach for implant placement would be challenging for T1-T4.
Ultrasound-guided paravertebral perineural injection can be an effective treatment of cervical foraminal IVDP for some dogs.
Instrumentation significantly reduced motion at the operated level (C5-C6).
Early decompressive dorsal laminectomy generally resulted in excellent clinical outcome.