To the authors’ knowledge this is the first case report of a congenital radial head sub-luxation in a craniolateral direction in a dog and also one successfully managed with radial head ostectomy and radioulnar synostosis.
Synovial fluid lactate concentration is not a good marker for osteoarthritis or immune-mediated inflammatory arthritis, but it is significantly increased in septic arthritis
Both ventral and lateral flexion may lead to severe spinal cord compression and the tectorial membrane may play a protective role in some cases of atlantoaxial instability.